Automatic calibration of ptz camera system

ABSTRACT

A method to determine a base focal length of a pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) camera system. The method includes generating a spherical mosaic with a feature track by the camera system and determining, by the camera system, a base focal length by analyzing a conic trajectory created by the feature track on an image plane.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/188,801, filed on Aug. 8, 2008, the contents of which areincorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a system and method forautomatically acquiring the calibration parameters of a PTZ camera.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

Video-based security systems are commonly employed by businesses andother facilities, such as banks, stores and airports. Video-basedsecurity systems utilize a sensing device, such as a video camera, toobtain and record images within the video camera's field-of-view. Theimages recorded by the video camera may be monitored by a humanoperator, either in real-time or on a delay, and/or stored for futureuse.

In an effort to keep costs down, many security systems are designed toutilize a small number of wide angle video cameras. However, whilestationary camera systems provide a wide coverage area, they typicallydo not capture high resolution images.

An alternative to the wide angle video camera system is an active camerasystem. An active camera system may utilize a small number ofpan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) cameras that can operate in a wide-angle mode or aPTZ mode. An active camera system may use one or more individual cameraswhich operate in a wide-angle mode, until a target of interest isdetected, and then may automatically switch to a PTZ mode. Once in PTZmode the PTZ camera may zoom in and/or track the target as long as itremains in the camera's direct line of sight. While in PTZ mode, the PTZcamera may be able to capture high resolution images of the target.

Calibration of the PTZ camera is an important step in ensuring properoperation of an active camera system. Once the PTZ camera is calibrated,the response and stability of a PTZ camera controller can be fine tuned.While manual calibration of the PTZ camera is desirable, it may notalways be possible. For example, a deployed PTZ camera in need ofcalibration may be difficult to reach rendering manual calibrationimpractical.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one exemplary embodiment a method calibrates a pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ)camera system. The PTZ camera system may include a PTZ camera. Themethod may perform at least one of the following steps: determining aradial distortion of the PTZ camera; determining a base focal length ofthe PTZ camera; determining a zoom and magnification profile of the PTZcamera; determining an actuation delay of the PTZ camera system;determining a pan position mode speed and/or a tilt position mode speedof the PTZ camera; determining a pan velocity profile and/or a tiltvelocity profile of the PTZ camera; determining a zoom position profileand/or a zoom duration profile f the PTZ camera; determining a querydelay of the PTZ camera system; or determining a minimum query intervalof the PTZ camera system.

In another exemplary embodiment, a pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) cameracalibration system contains, at least, a PTZ camera and at least aradial distortion engine to determine a radial distortion of the PTZcamera; a base focal length engine to determine a base focal length ofthe PTZ camera; a zoom and magnification engine for determine a zoom andmagnification profile of the PTZ camera; an actuation delay engine todetermine an actuation delay of the PTZ camera system; a pan/tiltposition mode speed engine to determine a pan position mode speed and/ora tilt position mode speed of the PTZ camera; a pan/tilt velocity engineto determine a pan velocity profile and/or a tilt velocity profile ofthe PTZ camera; a zoom position and duration engine to determine a zoomposition profile and/or a zoom duration profile of the PTZ camera; aquery delay engine to determine a query delay of the PTZ camera system;or a minimum query interval engine to determine a minimum query intervalof the PTZ camera system.

In another exemplary embodiment, a computer-readable medium storescomputer-executable instructions. The medium may hold: one or moreinstructions for determining a radial distortion of a PTZ camera; one ormore instructions for determining a base focal length of the PTZ camera;one or more instructions for determining a zoom and magnificationprofile of the PTZ camera; one or more instructions for determining anactuation delay of the PTZ camera system; one or more instructions fordetermining a pan position mode speed and/or a tilt position mode speedof the PTZ camera; one or more instructions for determining a panvelocity profile and/or a tilt velocity profile of the PTZ camera; oneor more instructions for determining a zoom position profile and/or azoom duration profile of the PTZ camera; one or more instructions fordetermining a query delay of the PTZ camera system; or one or moreinstructions for determining a minimum query interval of the PTZ camerasystem.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing and other features of exemplary embodiments describedherein will be apparent from the following description as depicted inthe accompanying drawings wherein like reference numbers generallyindicate identical, functionally similar, and/or structurally similarelements.

FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary active camera system.

FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary the PTZ calibration module.

FIG. 3 depicts a flow chart for an exemplary technique by which a PTZcamera may be calibrated using information obtained by the PTZcalibration module.

FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary PTZ camera's overall field of view.

FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary embodiment of a mosaic generation engine.

FIG. 6 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which themosaic construction engine may create a scene mosaic.

FIG. 7 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary mosaic constructiontechnique.

FIG. 8 depicts an exemplary mosaic construction technique.

FIG. 9 depicts an exemplary mosaic construction technique.

FIG. 10 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which thecamera motion engine may determine that the first scan path has beencompleted.

FIG. 11 depicts an exemplary, non-centered mosaic and an exemplarycentered mosaic.

FIG. 12 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which thecenter frame engine may identifying the center frame of a scan path andcenter the mosaic.

FIG. 13 depicts exemplary, centered mosaics.

FIG. 14 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which themosaic centering engine may center an exemplary mosaic.

FIG. 15 depicts an exemplary centering operation.

FIG. 16 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which the basefocal length estimation engine 505 may determine the PTZ camera's basefocal length.

FIG. 17 depicts the results of an exemplary focal length estimationtechnique.

FIG. 18 depicts an exemplary planar mosaic constructed according to anexemplary frame-to-frame mosaicking technique.

FIG. 19 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which thefeature point engine may add feature points to an exemplary reprojectedmosaic.

FIG. 20 depicts an exemplary image in which radial distortion has notbeen compensated for and an exemplary image in which radial distortionhas been compensated for.

FIG. 21 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which theradial distortion engine may estimate a PTZ camera's radial distortion.

FIG. 22 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which the basefocal length engine may determine the base focal length of a PTZ camera.

FIG. 23 depicts the feature tracks from an exemplary rotating camera.

FIG. 24 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which the zoomand magnification profile engine 212 may estimate a PTZ camera'szoom/magnification profile.

FIG. 25 depicts an exemplary measured zoom profile for an exemplary PTZcamera.

FIG. 26 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which theactuation delay engine may estimate the actuation delay of a PTZ camera.

FIG. 27 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which the panand tilt position mode speed engine may estimate a PTZ camera's panand/or tilt position mode speed.

FIG. 28 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which thepan/tilt velocity profile engine may estimate a PTZ camera's panvelocity profile and/or tilt velocity profile.

FIG. 29 depicts an exemplary nonlinear pan velocity profile 2900 andnonlinear tilt velocity profiles 2901 for an exemplary PTZ camera.

FIG. 30 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which the zoomposition and duration profile engine 216 may estimate a PTZ camera'szoom position and duration profile.

FIG. 31 depicts an exemplary measured zoom position profile and zoomduration profile for an exemplary PTZ camera.

FIG. 32 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which thequery delay 217 engine may estimate the query delay of an exemplary PTZcamera.

FIG. 33 depicts an exemplary technique by which the minimum queryinterval engine 218 may estimate the minimum query interval for anexemplary PTZ camera.

FIG. 34 depicts an exemplary computer system for use with embodiments ofthe present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

Exemplary embodiments of the invention are discussed in detail below.While specific exemplary embodiments are discussed, it should beunderstood that this is done for illustration purposes only. Indescribing and illustrating the exemplary embodiments, specificterminology is employed for the sake of clarity. However, the inventionis not intended to be limited to the specific terminology so selected. Aperson skilled in the relevant art will recognize that other componentsand configurations may be used without parting from the spirit and scopeof the invention. It is to be understood that each specific elementincludes all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner toaccomplish a similar purpose. Each reference cited herein isincorporated by reference. The examples and embodiments described hereinare non-limiting examples.

Embodiments of the invention may comprise part of an active camerasystem. A potential embodiment of an active camera system is depicted inFIG. 1. FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary active camera system having aclosed, active, camera-control feedback loop 100 containing, forexample, a PTZ camera 101, a video-analysis module 102, and a PTZcontroller module 103. PTZ camera 101 may provide video frames to thevideo-analysis module 102 or the PTZ calibration module 104. Thevideo-analysis module 102 may analyze the incoming frames, identify atarget to be tracked, and determine the location of the target in theframe. The video analysis module 102 may determine the location of thetarget to be tracked by utilizing computer vision techniques. Exemplarycomputer vision techniques are motion estimation, motion compensation,foreground segmentation, feature extraction, target detection, andtarget tracking.

Continuing with FIG. 1, once the video-analysis module 102 determinesthe location of the target to be tracked, the video-analysis module 102may output information to the PTZ controller module 103. The PTZcontroller 103 may also receive information from the PTZ calibrationmodule 104, which is discussed further below. The PTZ controller 103 mayuse information from the PTZ calibration module 104 to translateinformation input from the video-analysis module 102 into executablecommands for the PTZ camera 101. The PTZ controller 103 may then outputcommands to the PTZ camera 101 which may enable the PTZ camera 101 totrack the target at an appropriate resolution.

FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary embodiment of the PTZ calibration module104. The PTZ calibration module 104 may determine at least one of thePTZ camera's parameters based on images received from the PTZ camera101, information sent to the PTZ controller 103, and/or informationreceived from the PTZ controller 103. The PTZ calibration module 104 maycontain at least one of the following parameter estimation engines,where each is discussed in detail below, in no particular order: aradial distortion engine 210 which may determine a PTZ camera's radialdistortion, a base focal length engine 211 which may determine a PTZcamera's base focal length, a zoom/magnification profile engine 212which may determine a PTZ camera's zoom/magnification profile, anactuation delay engine 213 which may determine a PTZ camera's actuationdelay, a pan/tilt position mode speed engine 214 which may determine aPTZ camera's pan position and/or tilt position mode speed, a pan/tiltvelocity profile engine 215 which may determine a PTZ camera's panvelocity and/or tilt velocity profile, a zoom position and durationprofile engine 216 which may determine a PTZ camera's zoom positionand/or duration profile, and a query delay engine 217 which maydetermine a PTZ camera's query delay, a minimum query interval engine218 which may determine a PTZ camera's minimum query interval, and/or amosaic generation engine 219. These engines may be arranged in any orderwithin the PTZ calibration module 104. FIG. 3 depicts a flow chart foran exemplary technique by which a PTZ camera may be calibrated usinginformation obtained by the PTZ calibration module 104, discussed abovein connection with FIG. 2. The exemplary technique may begin in block300 and may continue onto block 301. In block 301, a spherical mosaicmay be generated based on images received from the PTZ camera. In block302, at least one of the PTZ camera's parameters are identified by thePTZ calibration module 104. Exemplary parameters of a PTZ camera may bethe base focal length, the zoom and magnification profile, the radialdistortion, actuation delay, pan/tilt position mode speed, pan/tiltvelocity profile, zoom position, zoom duration, query delay, and/orminimum query interval. Each of these parameters is discussed in greaterdetail below. In block 303, the PTZ camera parameters may be received bythe PTZ controller 103. The PTZ controller 103 may then use all or partof the information obtained by the PTZ calibration module 104 to controlthe PTZ camera. In block 304, the process may end.

Mosaic Building

Prior to estimating an exemplary PTZ camera's 101 base focal length withthe base focal length engine 211 and/or radial distortion with theradial distortion engine 210, a mosaic image may be generated by themosaic generation engine 219. Mosaic generation engine 219 may generatea mosaic image in which consecutive frames, captured by the PTZ camera101, may be combined to form an overall panoramic image of a scene.

FIG. 4 depicts an exemplary PTZ camera's 101 overall field of view. InFIG. 4, a PTZ camera 101 may be positioned in deployment site 401. Asthe PTZ camera 101 moves back and forth along directional arrow A theinstantaneous field of view 403 for each frame 405 and 407 of the PTZcamera 101 may be smaller than the PTZ camera's 101 total field of viewthrough the entirety of its scan path 402. However, by combiningindividual video frames 405 and 407 together spatially, a single, mosaicimage of the camera's entire viewable area may be obtained. Exemplarytechniques of combining individual video frames 405 and 407 together toform a mosaic image are discussed below.

FIG. 5 depicts an exemplary embodiment of a mosaic generation engine219. The mosaic generation engine 219 may generate a mosaic image inwhich consecutive frames, such as frames 230 and image 231, may becombined to form an overall panoramic image of a scene. Mosaicgeneration engine 219 may contain, in no particular order, at least oneof a mosaic construction engine 501, a camera motion monitoring engine502, a center frame engine 503, a mosaic centering engine 504, a focallength engine 505, and/or a mosaic feature point engine 506, all ofwhich are described in greater detail below.

Mosaic Construction Engine 501

Referring back to FIG. 5, the mosaic construction engine 501 mayconstruct an exemplary spherical mosaic.

FIG. 6 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which themosaic construction engine 501 may create a spherical mosaic. Theexemplary technique may begin in block 600 and may continue onto block601. In block 601, successive video image frames may be received by themosaic construction engine 501. Each video frame may be expressed interms of its planar coordinates. In block 602, feature points for eachvideo image frame may be identified by applying a Laplacian featuredetector to each image frame. In block 603, feature pointcorrespondences may be identified between successive image frames usingthe identified feature points from each image. In block 604, a cameramotion model may be created. The camera motion model may be based on ahomography between successive image frames. The homography may be basedon the identified feature points and/or the identified feature pointcorrespondences. In block 605, each image frame may be warped based onthe camera motion model and/or the identified feature pointcorrespondences. In block 606, each warped image may be transformed fromplanar coordinates to spherical coordinates. In block 607, thesuccessive, warped image frames, expressed in spherical coordinates, maybe added to a spherical mosaic. In block 608, the exemplary techniquemay end. In addition, blocks 601-607 are described in, for example, U.S.patent application Ser. No. 11/220,970 “Scanning Camera Based VideoSurveillance System,” which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIG. 7 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which themosaic construction engine 501 may transform a warped image frame formplanar coordinates to spherical coordinates, as in block 606 above. FIG.7 is explained using FIGS. 8 and 9 as examples. FIGS. 8 and 9 depict anexemplary mosaic construction technique according to an exemplaryembodiment of the mosaic construction engine 501.

The exemplary technique of FIG. 7 may begin in block 700 and continueonto block 701. In block 701, exemplary successive, video image framesmay be received by the mosaic construction engine 501, as in block 601above. In FIGS. 8 and 9, as PTZ camera 101, with focal length 907, movesalong scan path 909, image frames 803 and 805 may be captured. Whenmapped onto exemplary planar mosaic 801, frame 803 may be minimallydistorted. However, when mapped onto exemplary planar mosaic 801, frame805, may be extended when compared to frame 803. The extension of frame805 on the exemplary planar mosaic may be referred to as perspectivedistortion. The perspective distortion of image frame projected onto aplanar mosaic produces a distortion at the four corners of exemplaryplanar mosaic 801. These distortions may introduce inaccuracies duringthe estimation of the PTZ camera's 101 focal length, zoomsteps-magnification profile, radial distortion, actuation delay,pan/tilt position mode speed, pan/tilt velocity profile, zoomposition/duration profile, query delay, and/or minimum query interval.

Continuing with FIG. 7, in order to prevent perspective distortion, inblock 702, each pixel may be expressed in terms of their polarcoordinates (θ, φ). In FIG. 8, exemplary pixel 807 may be expressed interms of its polar coordinates 809. In block 703, each pixel may bemapped onto a spherical mosaic using each pixel's polar coordinates. InFIGS. 8 and 9, frames 803 and 805 may be mapped onto spherical mosaic802. Mapping each pixel onto a spherical surface at the PTZ camera'sfocal length 907 may produce an image, relatively free of perspectivedistortion, which can be used for more accurate estimation of the PTZcamera's 101 focal length, zoom steps-magnification profile, radialdistortion, actuation delay, pan/tilt position mode speed, pan/tiltvelocity profile, zoom position/duration profile, query delay and/orminimum query interval.

Camera Motion Monitoring Engine 502

Referring back to FIG. 5, the mosaic generation engine 219 may finishconstructing a mosaic once the camera motion monitoring engine 502determines that the first scan has been completed.

FIG. 10 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which thecamera motion engine 502 may determine that a first scan path has beencompleted. The exemplary technique may begin in block 1000 and maycontinue onto block 1001. In block 1001, a first frame may beidentified. In block 1002, the location of the center of the identifiedframe may be determined. The center of the identified frame may bedetermined from a frame motion estimate. In block 1003, the location ofthe center of the frame may be compared to the scan path model. The scanpath model may be a cumulative history of the center point for eachframe in a scan path. In decision block 1004, if the location of thecenter of the identified frame duplicates a location already stored inthe scan path model, the identified frame is determined to be aduplicate. In block 1007, if the location of the center of the frame isa duplicate, the camera motion engine 503 may determine that the camerahas completed the scan path. In block 1108, the process may end.

Continuing with FIG. 10, if the location of the center of the frame isnot found to be a duplicate of a location already in the scan path modelin decision block 1004, the process may continue onto block 1005. Inblock 1005, the location of the center of the frame may be added to thescan path model. In block 1006, the camera motion engine 503 identifiesthe next frame. Blocks 1002-1004 may then be repeated until a duplicatecenter point is identified.

Camera motion estimation is a fairly mature technology, and manytechniques exist that perform well under most cases. An exemplarytechnique of camera motion estimation is described in U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 11/220,970, filed on Sep. 8, 2005.

Center Frame Engine 503

Referring back to FIG. 5, once the camera motion monitoring engine 502has determined that the PTZ camera's first scan path has been completed,center frame engine 503 may estimate the center frame of the scan path,which may or may not be the first frame of a scan path.

FIG. 11 depicts an exemplary, non-centered mosaic 1100 and an exemplarycentered mosaic 1103. The non-centered mosaic 1100 was constructedwithout the aid of the center frame engine 503, described below, andunder the assumption that the first frame received from the camera,frame 1101, was the center frame for scan path 1102. As a result, themosaic was not centered properly. The centered mosaic 1103 wasconstructed in a similar manner however the first frame received fromthe camera, frame 1104, happened to be the center frame for scan path1105.

FIG. 12 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which thecenter frame engine 503 may identify the actual center frame in a scanpath and center the mosaic. FIG. 12 is explained using FIG. 13 and as anexample. FIG. 13 depicts exemplary, centered mosaics.

In FIG. 12, the exemplary technique may begin in block 1200. In block1201, a first frame may be identified and temporarily assumed to be thecenter frame (with motion estimate Mc). In FIG. 13, frame 1301 may betemporarily assumed to be the center frame. In block 1202, the remainingframes may be appropriately compensated (by applying a matrixtransformation of Mc⁻¹) such that the motion estimate of the centerframe may be an identity transformation. In FIG. 13, remaining frame1302 may be appropriately compensated. In block 1203, the maximumperspective frame distortion may be calculated by dividing the area ofthe remaining frame with the largest area by the area of the frameassumed to be the center frame. In FIG. 13, the area of frame 1302 maybe divided by the area of frame 1301. In block 1204, the technique maycontinue onto block 1207, if additional frames are detected, or block1205, if no additional frames are detected. In FIG. 13, additionalframes 1303 and 1304 may be identified. In block 1207, if additionalframes were detected in block 1204, the next frame may be identified andthe process may repeat blocks 1202-1204. In FIG. 13, frame 1303 may betemporarily assumed to be the center frame. Frame 1304 may then beappropriately compensated and the maximum perspective frame distortionmay be calculated by dividing the area of frame 1304 by the area offrame 1303. If no additional frames are detected in block 1204, theprocess may continue onto block 1205. In block 1205, the center framemay be identified. The center frame may be identified as the frame whichminimizes the maximum perspective frame distortion among all processedframes. In FIG. 13, the maximum perspective frame distortion betweenframes 1301 and 1302 is smaller than the maximum perspective framedistortion between frames 1303 and 1304. The center frame may,therefore, be identified as frame 1301. In block 1206, the exemplarytechnique may end.

Mosaic Centering Engine 504

Referring back to FIG. 5, the mosaic generation engine 219 may finishconstructing a mosaic once the mosaic centering engine 504 centers anexemplary mosaic.

FIG. 14 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which themosaic centering engine 504 may center an exemplary mosaic. FIG. 14 isexplained using FIG. 15 as an example. FIG. 15 depicts an exemplarycentering operation.

Once the center frame has been identified in block 1205 of FIG. 12, themosaic centering engine 504 may transform each pixel of the image inorder to create a centered mosaic image. In block 1400, the techniquemay begin by identifying a center frame of a non-centered mosaic. InFIG. 15, a non-centered mosaic 1500 may be depicted in sphere 1502 alongwith the center frame 1501, identified in block 1205 of FIG. 12, whosecenter may be denoted by C. In block 1401 of FIG. 14, the mosaiccentering engine 504 may rotate the mosaic 1500 along the X and Y axes.In FIG. 15, sphere 1502 represent the orientation of the mosaic 1500before being rotated along X and Y axes. Sphere 1503 may depict theorientation of mosaic 1500 after rotation R_(x) and R_(y) along the Xand Y axes respectively, where R_(x) and R_(y) may equal:

$\begin{matrix}{{R_{x} = \begin{bmatrix}1 & 0 & 0 \\0 & \frac{{\hat{C}}_{z}}{P_{xy}} & \frac{- {\hat{C}}_{y}}{P_{xy}} \\0 & \frac{{\hat{C}}_{y}}{P_{xy}} & \frac{{\hat{C}}_{z}}{P_{xy}}\end{bmatrix}}{R_{y} = {\begin{bmatrix}P_{xy} & 0 & {- {\hat{C}}_{x}} \\0 & 1 & 0 \\{\hat{C}}_{x} & 0 & P_{xy}\end{bmatrix}.}}} & (1)\end{matrix}$

The unit norm vector from the center of the sphere to the frame centerof the estimated center frame may equal:

$\begin{matrix}{{\hat{C} = {\frac{C}{C} = \left( {{\hat{C}}_{x},{\hat{C}}_{y},{\hat{C}}_{z}} \right)}},{and}} & \left( {1A} \right) \\{P_{xy} = {\sqrt{\left( {\hat{C}}_{x} \right)^{2} + \left( {\hat{C}}_{y} \right)^{2}}.}} & \left( {1B} \right)\end{matrix}$

In block 1402, the mosaic entering engine 504 may rotate the mosaic 1500along the Z axis. In FIG. 15, sphere 1503 depicts the orientation ofmosaic 1500 before being rotated around the Z axis. Sphere 1504 maydepict the orientation of mosaic 1500 after rotation R_(z) along the Zaxis, where:

$\begin{matrix}{R_{z} = \begin{bmatrix}{\cos (\theta)} & {\sin (\theta)} & 0 \\{- {\sin (\theta)}} & {\cos (\theta)} & 0 \\0 & 0 & 1\end{bmatrix}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

and the rotation angle θ, depicted in Sphere 1503, may be the slope ofthe center frame's top boundaries in relation to the Z axis. In block1403, the mosaic centering engine 504 may adjust each pixel of themosaic image using the above transformations to create a centered mosaicimage. Mosaic 1505 depicts an exemplary centered mosaic image. In block1404, the exemplary technique may end.

Focal Length Engine 505

Referring back to FIG. 5, once the camera motion monitoring engine 503has determined that the PTZ camera's first scan path has been completed,the focal length engine 505 may estimate the PTZ camera's focal length.

FIG. 16 depicts an exemplary technique by which the base focal lengthestimation engine 505 may determine the PTZ camera's base focal length.FIG. 16 is explained using FIG. 17 as an example. FIG. 17 depicts theresults of an exemplary focal length estimation technique. Knowledge ofthe PTZ camera's approximate base focal length ensures that the framesremain undistorted on the mosaic irrespective of the camera motion. ThePTZ camera's base focal length may then determine the radius of thesphere onto which the mosaic pixels are mapped.

Referring to FIG. 16, the exemplary technique may begin with block 1600and may proceed to block 1601. In block 1601, the PTZ camera's firstscan path may be detected. In block 1602, a range of reasonable basefocal lengths, at which a mosaic may be mapped, may be determined. InFIG. 17, the range of reasonable base focal lengths are arranged alongthe X axis. In block 1603, a non-centered mosaic may be mapped onto aspherical surface at a first base focal length from the range ofreasonable base focal lengths. In block 1604, the spherical mosaic maybe centered using a first technique. The first technique of centeringmay rotate the spherical mosaic along the X, Y, and Z axes, as describedabove. In block 1605, the spherical mosaic may be centered using asecond technique. The second technique of centering may compensate themosaic by the inverse of the motion estimate of the center frame (Mc⁻¹),create a new planar mosaic with the compensated motion estimates, andthen reproject the planar mosaic into spherical coordinates to arrive ata spherical mosaic. In block 1606, the amount of misalignment betweenthe two centered, spherical mosaics, at the first base focal length, maybe determined. The amount of misalignment may be determined by measuringthe distance between the warped corner points of the two centered,spherical mosaics in a Cartesian coordinate system. In FIG. 17, theamount of misalignment for the first base focal length may be plotted aspoint 1702. In block 1607, the technique may repeat blocks 1604 through1606 with the next base focal length from the range of reasonable basefocal lengths. In block 1608, the non-centered mosaic may be mapped ontoa spherical surface at the next base focal length from the range ofreasonable base focal lengths. Once blocks 1604 through 1606 have beenrepeated for each base focal length in the range of reasonable basefocal lengths, the technique may continue onto block 1609. In FIG. 17,once the amount of misalignment for each base focal length in the rangeof reasonable base focal lengths has been plotted, a best-fit trend line1701 may be inserted. In block 1609 the PTZ camera's base focal lengthmay be estimated by determining which base focal length globallyminimized the amount of misalignment between the two centered, sphericalmosaics. In FIG. 17, the base focal length associated with point 1703may be identified as being the base focal length which globallyminimized the amount of misalignment between the two centered, sphericalmosaics. In block 1610, the exemplary technique ends.

Mosaic Feature Point Engine 506

Referring back to FIG. 5, once the PTZ camera's base focal length hasbeen estimated by the focal length engine 505, the mosaic feature pointengine 506 may reproject the mosaic and detect feature points. Thereprojected spherical mosaic with feature points may then be used toestimate the PTZ camera's radial distortion, discussed below inconnection with radial distortion engine 210, and/or to refine the PTZcamera's focal length estimate, discussed below in connection with basefocal length engine 211.

FIG. 18 depicts an exemplary mosaic 1800 construct according to anexemplary frame-to-frame mosaicking technique. According to theframe-to-frame mosaicking technique, an exemplary PTZ camera's radialdistortion and focal length may be estimated by sequentialframe-to-frame matching. Sequential frame-to-frame matching involvescomparing a feature point in an initial frame with the feature point insubsequent frames by sequential frame-to-frame matching. Duringframe-to-frame matching, new feature points may be added and deleted asthey enter or leave the field of view. A global solution for the radialdistortion and focal length estimates may be obtained by concatenatingthe results of these comparisons. Because it relies on localcorrespondences, the frame-to-frame mosaicking technique may result in alocally optimal, but globally sub-optimal solution. In addition, theframe-to-frame mosaicking approach may be fragile as a mismatch in anyone frame may affect tracking accuracy in all future frames.

Referring back to FIG. 18, the dotted curve 1805 illustrates a globallysuboptimal solution. The dotted curve 1805 traces a line that isactually straight in the real world (i.e. the horizon) and shouldproject to a straight line on the planar mosaic. The warping of line1805 may be due, in part, to radial distortion biasing frame-to-framecamera motion estimates. A globally sub-optimal solution of a PTZcamera's radial distortion may, therefore, preclude an accurateestimation of the PTZ camera's focal length. An inaccurate estimation ofthe PTZ camera's focal length may lead to inaccurate control of anactive camera system.

In order to produce a globally optimal estimation of a PTZ camera'sradial distortion and focal length, a frame-to-mosaic mosaickingtechnique may estimate an exemplary PTZ camera's radial distortion andfocal length by using frame-to-mosaic correspondences. Frame-to-mosaiccorrespondences tracks feature points through all frames as they moveacross the field of view. Since the frame-to-mosaic mosaicking approachtracks feature points through all frames, as opposed to consecutiveframes, it may generate a globally optimal solution. A globally optimalsolutions may lead to more accurate estimation of the scene structure,camera motion, and focal length as well as producing a planar mosaicthat better reflects the properties of a projective image plane, i.e.straight lines in the real world project to straight lines on themosaic.

FIG. 19 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which thefeature point engine 506 may detect feature points in an exemplaryreprojected mosaic. The exemplary technique may begin with block 1901and may continue onto block 1902. In block 1902, the feature pointengine 506 may reproject the spherical mosaic. The spherical mosaic mayhave been created by engines 501-505. FIG. 18 depicts an exemplaryspherical mosaic 1801. In block 1903, feature points may be detected byapplying a maximum Laplacian feature detector to the spherical mosaic.FIG. 18 depicts an exemplary feature point 1806 which may have beendetected in exemplary spherical mosaic 1801 by a maximum Laplacianfeature detector. In block 1904, the feature points, which have beenidentified in the spherical mosaic, may be matched to each individualframe used to create the spherical mosaic. FIG. 18 depicts an exemplaryindividual frame 1802 which was used to create spherical mosaic 1801. Inindividual frame 1802, feature point 1806, which was identified inspherical mosaic 1801, may have been matched to individual frame 1802.In block 1905, the identified feature points from each individual framemay be combined to create feature tracks for the identified featurepoints. FIG. 18 depicts exemplary feature tracks 1803 for the featurepoints identified in spherical mosaic 1801. In block 1906, the techniquemay end.

Since this mosaic-to-frame matching performed in block 1904 of FIG. 19may be performed for each individual frame, a mismatch, or even amissing feature, in any frame may remain a local error and may notimpede tracking in other frames. This may enable exemplary techniquedepicted in FIG. 19 to produce a larger number of good feature tracks.Furthermore, the search for frame features may be limited to a smallregion around feature points since a good estimate of theframe-to-mosaic registration may be known from construction of theinitial mosaic.

The exemplary technique depicted in FIG. 19 may assume that the camerapath is a pure pan with a fixed focal length, tilt and roll. Theexemplary technique may also assume a camera with zero skew, squarepixels and principal point at the center of the image plane. But itshould be clear to anyone of ordinary skill in the art how to extend thetechnique when these assumptions are relaxed.

Identifying PTZ Camera Parameter(s)

Referring back to FIGS. 1 and 2, an exemplary PTZ calibration module 104may identify a PTZ camera's parameter(s). The parameter(s) may then beoutput to the PTZ camera controller 103. The PTZ controller 103 may thenuse all or part of the information obtained by the PTZ calibrationmodule 104 to translate information input from the video-analysis module102 into executable commands for the PTZ camera 101.

According to some embodiments of the invention, the PTZ calibrationmodule 104 may contain one or more of a radial distortion engine 210which may determine a PTZ camera's radial distortion, a base focallength engine 211 which may determine a PTZ camera's base focal length,a zoom/magnification profile engine 212 which may determine a PTZcamera's zoom/magnification profile, an actuation delay engine 213 whichmay determine a PTZ camera's actuation delay, a pan/tilt position modespeed engine 214 which may determine a PTZ camera's pan position and/ortilt position mode speed, a pan/tilt velocity profile engine 215 whichmay determine a PTZ camera's pan velocity and/or tilt velocity profile,a zoom position and duration profile engine 216 which may determine aPTZ camera's zoom position and/or duration profile, and a query delayengine 217 which may determine a PTZ camera's query delay, a minimumquery interval engine 218 which may determine a PTZ camera's minimumquery interval, and/or a mosaic generation engine 219. These engines maybe arranged in any order within the PTZ calibration module 104.

Radial Distortion Engine 210

Radial distortion may refer to a non-linear deviation from the idealprojective camera model. Radial distortion may be present in cameraswith lenses and may be a major source of error in computingframe-to-frame homography. Corresponding features in a pair of framesfrom a rotating camera may be related by a planar homography if and onlyif the radial distortion may be zero. Radial distortion, if notcorrected, may result in the creation of an inaccurate mosaic.

FIG. 20 depicts an exemplary image 2000 in which radial distortion hasnot been compensated for and an exemplary image 2001 in which radialdistortion has been compensated for. Image 2000 depicts an exemplaryimage plane in which straight lines have been projected as curved linesdue to radial distortion. The radial distortion in image 2000 lacks aplanar homography which may prevent an accurate mapping of a first setof points to a second set of points and thereby prevents featurematching. An inaccurate mosaic, in turn, leads to the inaccurate controlof an active camera system.

Radial distortion may be expressed in equations (3) and (4). If x_(u) isthe ideal projection of a point on the image plane and x_(d) is theradially distorted measurement, then an approximate model for radialdistortion may be:

x _(d)(x _(u) ,k)=c+(x _(u) −c)(k|x _(u) −c| ²+1)  (3),

where c is the distortion center (usually approximated as the imagecenter) and k is the first order distortion coefficient. Since theinverse of the above function is not single-valued, it may beapproximated as:

x _(u)(x _(d) ,k)=c+(x _(d) −c)(k/|x _(d) −c| ²+1)  (4)

Radial distortion may be compensated for once the distortion coefficientk is determined. Referring back to FIG. 20, image 2001 depicts anexemplary image plane in which radial distortion has been compensatedfor and straight lines have been projected as straight lines. Becausethe radial distortion in image 2001 has been compensated for, image 2001contains planar homography which may allow for the accurate mapping of afirst set of points to a second set of points and thereby allow forfeature matching with zero reprojection error.

Radial distortion may cause an increase in the projection error whenfitting an over-constrained planar homography to an undistorted set offeature points. Thus, an optimal distortion coefficient may minimize thereprojection error when fitting a planar homography to an undistortedset of feature points via Equation (4).

FIG. 21 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which theradial distortion engine 210 may estimate a PTZ camera's radialdistortion. The exemplary technique may begin with block 2100 and maycontinue onto block 2101. In block 2101, a set of feature points s,identified by the mosaic feature point engine 506, may be selected.Since radial distortion may be more pronounced far from the imagecenter, a set of distorted feature points s may be selected by selectinga set of frames, from a sequence of frames, which contain a set ofdistorted feature points s that exceed some minimum separation on theimage plane. In block 2102, a range of reasonable radial distortioncoefficients may be determined. In block 2103, a first radial distortioncoefficient may be selected. In block 2104, the feature points may bewarped according to the selected radial distortion coefficient. In block2105, a planar homography Hs may be estimated for the selected radialdistortion coefficient. The planar homography may be estimated using theconventional least-squares technique on feature points s. In block 2106,the reprojection error may be computed. In block 2107, the exemplarytechnique may repeat blocks 2104 through 2106 with the next radialdistortion coefficient from the range of reasonable radial distortioncoefficients. In block 2108, the next radial distortion coefficient fromthe range of reasonable distortion coefficients may be selected. Onceblocks 2104 through 2106 have been repeated for radial distortioncoefficient from the range of reasonable distortion coefficients, thetechnique may continue onto block 2109. In block 2109, the radialdistortion coefficient k may be identified. If x_(s,i) and x′_(s,i)represent the i^(th) corresponding (distorted) feature point pair in sets, then the radial distortion coefficient k may be estimated over allsets as:

$\begin{matrix}{\hat{k} = {{argmin}_{k}{\sum\limits_{s}{\sum\limits_{i}{{{{x_{u}\left( {x_{s,i},k} \right)} - {H_{s}{x_{u}\left( {x_{s,i}^{\prime},k} \right)}}}}^{2}.}}}}} & (5)\end{matrix}$

The estimation of the radial coefficient k may be implementednumerically using a bracketing search over the small range of k known tooccur in typical PTZ cameras. In block 2103, the exemplary technique mayend.

Base Focal Length Engine 211

A PTZ camera's base focal length may refer to the focal length of thePTZ camera when it is totally zoomed out. Knowledge of the PTZ camera'sbase focal length combined with knowledge of the PTZ camera's zoomprofile, discussed below in connection with the a zoom and magnificationprofile engine 212, may enable the estimation of the PTZ camera's focallength at each of the PTZ camera's zoom levels. Once the PTZ camera'sfocal length at each zoom level is estimated, pixel offsets in imagecoordinates may be accurately converted into pan and tilt angles foractive camera control.

FIG. 22 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which the basefocal length engine may determine the base focal length of a PTZ camera211. In block 2200 of FIG. 22, the base focal length of the camera maybe set to its minimum zoom level. In block 2201, the PTZ camera 101 maybe commanded to follow a scan path over a pan range while keeping thePTZ camera's 101 tilt and roll quantities constant. In an exemplaryembodiment, the scan path may be short, and the pan range may be small(e.g. +/−0.5 radians). In block 2202, a spherical mosaic with featuretracks may be generated. The process for generating a spherical mosaicwith feature tracks is discussed above in connection with the mosaicgeneration engine 219. In block 2203, the base focal length may bedetermined. Block 2203 may be discussed in further detail below.

FIG. 23 depicts the feature tracks from an exemplary rotating camera.According to some embodiments of the invention, the PTZ camera's basefocal length may be determined in block 2203 by analyzing the featuretracks 1803, discussed in connection with FIG. 18. This determinationmay be based on the observation that the feature tracks from anexemplary rotating camera may be described by conics 2300 and 2301 inFIG. 23. As the camera rotates about the camera center 2302, a featurepoint 2303 may inscribe a circle 2304. The feature point 2303 may alsoinscribe a circular arc (not shown) where the camera's pan pathcomprises less than a complete circle. The circle 2304 or circular arcmay be centered on and in a plane perpendicular to the pan axis 2305.The line joining the feature point 2303 to the camera center sweeps outa cone 2306. The line joining the feature point 2303 to the cameracenter may also sweep out a partial cone (not shown) where the camera'span path is less than a complete circle. The intersection of this cone2306 with the image plane 2307 may be the conic trajectory that theprojection of the feature point 2303 follows on the image plane.

In the case of zero tilt and roll, the conic may be a hyperbola that maybe modeled as:

y=(y ₀ /f ²)√{square root over (x ² +f ²)}  (6)

where f is the camera focal length 2308 and y₀ is the intersection ofthe hyperbola with the Y axis of the image plane. The above model may bea function of only the focal length f, tilt θ, and roll ψ. An exemplaryestimation procedure for estimating which the focal length f, tilt θ,and roll ψ parameters lead to the best fit of the above model to theobserved feature trajectories may be described below.

Let x_(i,j)=(x_(i,j), y_(i,j))T represent a set of image planemeasurements on the conic for the j^(th) feature (i.e., the j^(th)feature track 1803 of FIG. 18) after compensation for radial distortion.Then, given an estimate of the tilt θ, roll ψ and focal length f, thesepoints may be transformed to a camera frame with zero tilt and roll asfollows:

x′ _(i,j) =KR _(x)(θ)R _(z)(ω)K ⁻¹ x _(i,j)  (7)

where R_(x) and R_(z) are rotations about the X and Z camera axes and Kis the camera calibration matrix for the case of square pixels, zeroskew and principle point at the image center. Now, for a given track, aleast-squares estimate of y_(0,j) may be found by minimizing theresidual error e² _(j) given by:

$\begin{matrix}{e_{j}^{2} = {\sum\limits_{i}{\left\lbrack {y_{i,j}^{\prime} - {\left( {y_{0,j}/f^{2}} \right)\sqrt{x_{i,j}^{\prime 2} - f^{2}}}} \right\rbrack^{2}.}}} & (8)\end{matrix}$

This optimization may be solved analytically as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{y_{0,j} = {\left\lbrack {\sum\limits_{i}{y_{i,j}^{\prime}\sqrt{x_{i,j}^{\prime 2} + f^{2}}}} \right\rbrack/{\left\lbrack {\sum\limits_{i}\left( {x_{i,j}^{\prime 2} + f^{2}} \right)} \right\rbrack.}}} & (9)\end{matrix}$

The minimum residue ê² corresponding to the above solution may be foundby substituting y_(0,j) from equation (9) into equation (8). The aboveanalysis may provide a framework for estimating f, θ and ψ as theoptimal solution that may minimize the total residue over alltrajectories:

$\begin{matrix}{\left( {f,\theta,\psi} \right) = {{argmin}_{f,\theta,\psi}{\sum\limits_{j}{{{\hat{e}}_{j}^{2}\left( {x_{i,j},f,\theta,\psi} \right)}.}}}} & (10)\end{matrix}$

The above optimization may be implemented as a Levenberg-Marquardtnumerical search.

Zoom and Magnification Profile Engine 212

A PTZ camera's zoom and magnification profile may refer to a record ofthe PTZ camera's actual magnification at a given zoom level. Knowledgeof the PTZ camera's base focal length, discussed above in connectionwith the base focal length engine 211, combined with knowledge of thePTZ camera's zoom profile may enable the estimation of the PTZ camera'sfocal length at each of the PTZ camera's zoom levels. Once the PTZcamera's focal length at each zoom level is estimated, pixel offsets inimage coordinates may be accurately converted into pan and tilt anglesfor active camera control.

FIG. 24 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which the zoomand magnification profile engine 212 may estimate a PTZ camera'szoom/magnification profile. A PTZ camera may implement an arbitrarynon-linear scale between zoom levels and actual magnification. Knowledgeof the zoom/magnification profile may better enable the PTZ controller103 to maintain a visual target at an optimal size on the image plane.The exemplary technique depicted in FIG. 24 starts with block 2400 andmay continue onto block 2401. In block 2401, PTZ camera's starting zoomlevel may be set. In block 2402, a first image frame may be captured. Inblock 2403, a zoom command may be executed. In block 2404, a secondimage frame may be captured. In block 2405, the flow may repeat blocks2401-2404 over the full range of the PTZ camera or continue to block2406. In block 2406, the zoom/magnification profile may be estimated. Toestimate the zoom profile, and the first image frame 2402, before theexecution of the zoom command 2403, and the second image frame 2404,after the execution of the zoom command, may be compared. Themagnification between each pair of frames may then be calculated using abrute force search over scales. At each scale, the final (zoomed in)frame may be scaled (reduced in size) and the corresponding overlappingarea from the initial (zoomed out) image may be extracted. The twoimages may then be compared, and an estimated magnification determined,using an image matching technique. An exemplary image matching techniquemay include identifying a similarity measurement based on thecorrelation of edge histograms, summed over rows and columns, for bothimages. The estimated magnification may be the scale that maximizes thissimilarity measure. Multiplying the scales over all frame pairs mayyield the complete zoom profile. FIG. 25 depicts an exemplary measuredzoom profile 2500 for an exemplary PTZ camera. Measure zoom profile 2500may be approximately linear. In other exemplary embodiments of the PTZcamera, the measured zoom profile may be nonlinear.

Actuation Delay Engine 213

Actuation delay may refer to the time between issuing a velocity commandand observing the resulting camera motion. An actuation delay may exist,independently, for a pan movement, a tilt movement, and a zoom movementand may be estimated individually using the technique described below.Actuation delay may result, for example, from signal processing delaysand/or mechanical characteristics such as acceleration. Knowledge of oneor more of the actuation delays may better enable the PTZ controller 103to compensate for one or more of the actuation delays and maintainaccurate and stable control of the active camera system.

FIG. 26 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which theactuation delay engine 213 may estimate the actuation delay of a PTZcamera. The exemplary technique depicted in FIG. 26 for detecting anactuation delay starts with Block 2600 and may continue to block 2601.In block 2601, the PTZ camera 101 may be issued a velocity command. Inblock 2602 successive image frames may be captured. In block 2603 themost recently captured frame may be compared to a frame that preceded itin order to detect motion. Embodiments of the invention may compare thetwo frames in order to detect motion by, for example, using framedifferencing and thresholding. If motion is detected, the technique maymove onto block 2604. If motion is not be detected, the technique maymove onto block 2602. In block 2604, the actuation delay may be measuredas the difference in system time between sending a motion command andobserving the first moving frame. In block 2605, the process may repeatblocks 2601-2604 or proceed to block 2606. In block 2606, the averageactuation delay may be determined based on the amount of times blocks2601-2604 were repeated. In block 26074, the technique of estimating aPTZ camera's 101 actuation delay may end.

Pan and Tilt Position Mode Speed Engine 214

Position mode speed may refer to a PTZ camera's speed in response to apan/tilt position command. A pan/tilt position command may direct thecamera to move the specified pan/tilt amount (which may be expressed inradians) relative to the camera's current position. Knowledge of the PTZcamera's 101 pan and tilt position mode speeds may allow the PTZcontroller 103 to estimate the time interval between issuing a panand/or tilt command and when the camera will finish executing it. Thepan and tilt speeds are typically independent of the camera position.

FIG. 27 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which the panand tilt position mode speed engine 214 may estimate a PTZ camera's panand/or tilt position mode speed. The exemplary technique begins withblock 2700 and may continue to block 2701. In block 2701, the cameraspeed may be set. In block 2702, the PTZ camera 101 may be issued a panand/or a tilt command. In block 2703, successive image frames may becaptured. In block 2704, the captured successive frames may be comparedin order to detect motion. Embodiments of the invention may compare thetwo frames in order to detect motion by, for example, using framedifferencing and thresholding. If motion is detected, the technique maymove onto block 2705. If motion is not detected, the technique may moveonto block 2703. In block 2705, successive image frames may be captured.In block 2706, the captured successive frames may be compared in orderto detect motion in the manner discussed above in connection with block2704. If motion is detected, the technique may move onto block 2705. Ifmotion is not detected, the technique may move onto block 2707. In block2707, the plan or the tilt mode speed 214 may be determined. Embodimentsof the invention may determine the pan and tilt mode speed by dividingthe angular separation of the images by the time difference betweenissuing the pan/tilt position command (after compensating for theactuation delay) and when the camera motion stops. The angularseparation of the images may be determined from the pan/tilt commanditself. In block 2708, the process may repeat blocks 2702-2707 orproceed to block 2709. In block 2709, the average pan and/or tiltposition mode speed may be determined based on the amount of timesblocks 2702-2707 were repeated. In block 2710, the exemplary techniqueends. The exemplary technique for detecting a pan and/or a tilt positionmode speed may be repeated in the event the camera may operate at morethan one camera speed.

Pan/Tilt Velocity Profile Engine 215

A PTZ camera's pan velocity profile and tilt velocity profile may referto the relationship between the commanded pan or tilt velocity and theactual pan or tilt camera velocity. The pan velocity profile and tiltvelocity profile may also contain the maximum actual camera velocity foreach axis. Knowledge of how the input velocity commands map to thephysical velocity of the camera motors may better enable the PTZcontroller 103 to maintain accurate and stable control of the activecamera system. Pan and tilt velocity may be expressed in terms ofarbitrary units (such as encoder counts per second) or quantities suchas radians/sec. In any case, the reliability of the reported values maysuffer from quantization error or other inaccuracies. For optimalperformance and to maintain compatibility with the broad range ofcurrently available PTZ cameras, pan and tilt speeds may be calibratedautomatically.

FIG. 28 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which thepan/tilt velocity profile engine 215 may estimate a PTZ camera's panvelocity profile and/or tilt velocity profile. FIG. 28 depicts anexemplary embodiment of the pan/tilt velocity profile engine 215. Thepan/tilt velocity profile engine 215 may calculate the pan velocityprofile and the tilt velocity profile in a similar manner. The exemplarytechnique depicted in FIG. 28 starts with block 2800 and may continueimmediately to block 2801. In block 2800, the camera speed may be set.In block 2802, the camera may be placed in a known first cameraposition. In block 2803, the camera may pan at a given but unknown panvelocity for a fixed time interval T. In block 2804, a second cameraposition may be determined. The second camera position may be determinedby querying the camera to compute the total camera movement. In block2805, the camera may be placed in the first camera position. In block2806, the camera may pan at the same pan velocity for a fixed timeinterval 2T. In block 2807, a third camera position may be determined.The third camera position may be determined by querying the camera tocompute the total camera movement. In block 2808, the pan velocity maybe determined by dividing the angular difference between the secondcamera position and the third camera position by time interval T. Theexemplary technique for determining the pan velocity in block 2808 mayensure that errors due to actuation delays and camera motor accelerationare cancelled out. In block 2809, the process may repeat blocks 2803through 2808 or proceed to block 2810. In block 2810, the pan velocityprofile 2900 may be determined. The pan velocity profile 2900 may berepresented by fitting a high order polynomial to measured velocities,found using the technique described above, uniformly spaced over theinput velocity range. In block 2811, the exemplary technique may end.The tilt velocity profile may be determined in a similar manner.

FIG. 29 depicts an exemplary nonlinear pan velocity profile 2900 andnonlinear tilt velocity profiles 2901 for an exemplary PTZ camera. Themaximum pan/tilt velocity may be the highest input setting that resultsin a velocity measurement.

Zoom Position and Duration Profile Engine 216

The zoom position profile may represent the zoom setting attained afterzooming in from the minimum zoom for a given duration at a given zoomspeed setting. The duration profile may represent the inverse of thezoom position profile, e.g., how long it takes the camera to zoom into agiven value from a minimum zoom. Knowledge of the PTZ camera's 101 zoomposition profile and duration profile may allow the PTZ controller 103to maintain a visual target at an optimal zoom level.

FIG. 30 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which the zoomposition and duration profile engine 216 may estimate a PTZ camera'szoom position and duration profile. The exemplary technique depicted inFIG. 30 starts with block 3000 and may continue to block 3001. In block3001, the PTZ camera 101 may be set to the minimum zoom level. In block3002, a camera zoom in speed may be set. In block 3003, a zoom induration T, during which the zoom in operation may take place, may beset. In block 3004, a zoom in command may be executed. The zoom incommand may result in the camera zooming in from the minimum zoom level,block 3001, at the assigned zoom in speed, block 3002, and for theassigned time duration T, block 3003. In block 3005, the final zoomposition z may be determined. The final zoom position z may bedetermined by querying the camera. In block 3006, blocks 3001-3005 maybe repeated for a different zoom in duration T, or continue onto block3007. In block 3007, the zoom position profile and the zoom durationprofile may be determined the camera zoom in speed. The profiles may berepresented as high order polynomials fitted to a set of measurements,where each measurement (T, z) may be obtained by zooming the camera fromthe minimum zoom for duration T and querying the final zoom z, asdescribed above, at a given camera zoom in speed. The inverse of thiscurve may represent the zoom duration profile (FIG. 2, block 216). Inblock 3008, the processes may return to block 3002, where a new camerazoom in speed may be set, or continue onto block 3008. In block 3008,the process ends.

FIG. 31 depicts an exemplary measured zoom position profile 3100 andzoom duration profile 3101 for an exemplary PTZ camera and an exemplarycamera zoom in speed. According to the exemplary zoom position profile3100 and the exemplary zoom duration profile 3101, at a given zoom invelocity, the exemplary PTZ camera moves through the lower zoom levelsmore slowly that the exemplary PTZ camera moves through the higher zoomlevels.

Query Delay Engine 217

The query delay may be the duration between sending a query command andreceiving a response from the controller. While an active camera may bebeing automatically controlled by the active camera system, due topossible inaccuracies in the camera calibration data and normalvariations in system response due to, for example, network load etc.,the camera may start to drift away if left unchecked. A camera querycommand may be used to detect camera drift by determining the currentpan, tilt, and zoom axes of the PTZ controller. By taking into accountthe differential between where the camera should be and where itactually is, the results of periodic camera queries may be used to setthe camera back on course.

FIG. 32 depicts a flowchart for an exemplary technique by which thequery delay 217 engine may estimate the query delay of an exemplary PTZcamera. The exemplary technique may begin with block 3201 and maycontinue to block 3202. In block 3202, the PTZ calibration module 104may send a query command to the PTZ camera 101 via the PTZ controller103. In block 3203, PTZ calibration module 104 may receive a queryresponse. In block 3204, the PTZ calibration module 104 may determinethe query delay. In block 3205, the process may repeat blocks 3202-3204or proceed to block 3206. In block 3206, the average query delay isdetermined based on the amount of times blocks 3202-3204 were repeated.

Minimum Query Interval Engine 218

The minimum query interval may refer to the minimum period of timebetween sending a first query command and a second query command so thata valid response is received in response to the second query command. Ifthe second query command were sent before the minimum query intervalexpired, the PTZ camera would not respond to the second query.Therefore, in order to prevent camera drift, the minimum query intervalmay be equal to the query delay.

FIG. 33 depicts an exemplary technique by which the minimum queryinterval engine 218 may estimate the minimum query interval for anexemplary PTZ camera. The exemplary technique may begin with block 3301and may continue to block 3302. In block 3302, the PTZ calibrationmodule 104 may issue no commands during a wait interval. In block 3303,the PTZ calibration module 104 may send a first query command to the PTZcamera 101 via the PTZ controller 103 once the wait interval is over. Inblock 3304, the PTZ calibration module 104 will avoid issuing anyfurther commands during the wait interval. In block 3305, PTZcalibration module 104 may send a second query command to the PTZ camera101 via the PTZ controller 103 once the wait interval is over. Indecision block 3306, the PTZ calibration module 104 may determine if avalid response is received from the PTZ camera 101 in response to thesecond query command. A valid response from the PTZ camera 101 maycontain the PTZ camera's position information. If a valid response isnot detected in block 3306, the wait interval may be increased in block3307. In block 3302, the PTZ calibration module 104 may avoid issuingany further commands during an updated wait interval before continuingonto block 3303.

Once a valid response is detected in block 3306, a PTZ camera's 101minimum query interval may be determined in block 3308. The minimumquery interval may be determined in block 3308 by identifying theminimum amount of time required between sending consecutive querycommands and receiving a valid response from the second inquiry. Inblock 3309, the process ends.

Output Camera Parameter(s)

Referring back to FIG. 3, once one or more of a PTZ camera's parametershave been identified in block 302, one or more of the parameter's may beoutput to the PTZ controller 103. The PTZ controller 103 may then usethe information from the PTZ calibration module 104 to translateinformation input from the video-analysis module 102 into executablecommands for the PTZ camera 101.

Exemplary Embodiments

Exemplary embodiments of engines 210-219 of FIG. 2 may be implemented insoftware code embodied on a computer readable medium that is executed bya computer or a computer system. The present invention may be embodiedin many different ways as a software component. For example, it may be astand-alone software package, or it may be a software packageincorporated as a “tool” in a larger software product, such as, forexample, an image processing and analysis product. It may bedownloadable from a network, for example, a website, as a stand-aloneproduct or as an add-in analysis package for installation in an existingsoftware application. It may also be available as a client-serversoftware application, or as a web-enabled software application.

Exemplary embodiments of the systems of the present invention may beimplemented in software and a computer or computer system. Exemplaryembodiments of the techniques of the present invention may be performedby the execution of software on a computer. FIG. 34 depicts an exemplarycomputer system for use with embodiments of the present invention. Thecomputer system 3400 may include a computer 3402 for implementing theinvention. The computer 3402 may include a computer-readable medium 3404embodying software for implementing the invention and/or software tooperate the computer 3402 in accordance with the invention. As anoption, the computer system 3400 may include a connection to a network3406. With this option, the computer 3402 may be able to send andreceive information (e.g., software, data, and documents) from othercomputer systems via the network 3406.

While various embodiments of the present invention have been describedabove, it should be understood that they have been presented by way ofexample only, and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of thepresent invention should not be limited by any of the above-describedexemplary embodiments, but should instead be defined only in accordancewith the following claims and their equivalents.

In addition, the engines of FIG. 2 may be embodied as software,hardware, or a combination of both. For example, the engines of FIG. 2may be embodied on a chip, or chip set, within the PTZ camera.

1) A method of determining a base focal length of a pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ)camera system comprising: generating a spherical mosaic with a featuretrack by the camera system; and determining, by the camera system, abase focal length by analyzing a conic trajectory created by the featuretrack on an image plane. 2) The method of claim 1, wherein the basefocal length is characterized by the equation$\left( {f,\theta,\psi} \right) = {{argmin}_{f,\theta,\psi}{\sum\limits_{j}{{\hat{e}}_{j}^{2}\left( {x_{i,j},f,\theta,\psi} \right)}}}$where f is the base focal length, θ is a tilt, ψ is a roll, x_(i,j) is aset of image plane measurements on the conic for the j^(th) feature, andê² is a minimum residual error. 3) One or more tangible non-transitorycomputer-readable storage media for storing computer-executableinstructions executable by a computer system, the media storing one ormore instructions for: generating a spherical mosaic with a featuretrack; and determining a base focal length for a pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ)camera by analyzing a conic trajectory created by the feature track onan image plane. 4) The non-transitory computer-readable storage media ofclaim 3, wherein the base focal length is characterized by the equation$\left( {f,\theta,\psi} \right) = {{argmin}_{f,\theta,\psi}{\sum\limits_{j}{{\hat{e}}_{j}^{2}\left( {x_{i,j},f,\theta,\psi} \right)}}}$where f is the base focal length, θ is a tilt, ψ is a roll, x_(i,j) is aset of image plane measurements on the conic for the j^(th) feature, andê² is a minimum residual error. 5) A pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) cameracalibration system comprising: a PTZ camera; and a mosaic generationengine to generate a spherical mosaic with a feature track; and a basefocal length engine to determine a base focal length of the PTZ cameraby analyzing a conic trajectory created by the feature track on an imageplane. 6) The PTZ camera calibration system of claim 5, wherein the basefocal length is characterized by the equation$\left( {f,\theta,\psi} \right) = {{argmin}_{f,\theta,\psi}{\sum\limits_{j}{{\hat{e}}_{j}^{2}\left( {x_{i,j},f,\theta,\psi} \right)}}}$where f is the base focal length, θ is a tilt, ψ is a roll, x_(i,j) is aset of image plane measurements on the conic for the j^(th) feature, andê² is a minimum residual error. 7) A method of determining a radialdistortion of a pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) camera system comprising: generatinga spherical mosaic by the camera system; identifying sets of featurepoints from the spherical mosaic by the camera system; determining arange of reasonable radial distortion coefficients by the camera system;warping one or more sets of feature points according to the determinedrange of reasonable radial distortion coefficients by the camera system;determining a planar homography for one or more sets of warped featurepoints by the camera system; determining a reprojection error for one ormore planar homographies by the camera system; and determining theradial distortion coefficient for one or more sets of feature points bythe camera system. 8) The method of claim 7, wherein the radialdistortion coefficient for one or more sets of feature points ischaracterized by the equation$\hat{k} = {{argmin}_{k}{\sum\limits_{s}{\sum\limits_{i}{{{x_{u}\left( {x_{s,i},k} \right)} - {H_{s}{x_{u}\left( {x_{s,i}^{\prime},k} \right)}}}}^{2}}}}$where k is the radial distortion coefficient, x_(u) is the idealprojection of a point an image plane, s is a pair of feature points,x_(s,i) and x′_(s,i) represent the i^(th) corresponding feature pointpair in set s, and H_(s) is the planar homography. 9) One or moretangible non-transitory computer-readable storage media for storingcomputer-executable instructions executable by a computer system, themedia storing one or more instructions for: generating a sphericalmosaic; identifying sets of feature points from the spherical mosaic;determining a range of reasonable radial distortion coefficients;warping one or more sets of feature points according to the determinedrange of reasonable radial distortion coefficients; determining a planarhomography for one or more sets of warped feature points; determining areprojection error for one or more planar homographies; and determininga radial distortion coefficient for one or more sets of feature points.10) The non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 9,wherein the radial distortion coefficient for one or more sets offeature points is characterized by the equation$\hat{k} = {{argmin}_{k}{\sum\limits_{s}{\sum\limits_{i}{{{x_{u}\left( {x_{s,i},k} \right)} - {H_{s}{x_{u}\left( {x_{s,i}^{\prime},k} \right)}}}}^{2}}}}$where k is the radial distortion coefficient, x_(u) is the idealprojection of a point an image plane, s is a pair of feature points,x_(s,i) and x′_(s,i) represent the i^(th) corresponding feature pointpair in set s, and H_(s) is the planar homography. 11) A pan-tilt-zoom(PTZ) camera calibration system comprising: a PTZ camera; a mosaicconstruction engine to generate a spherical mosaic; a mosaic featurepoint engine to identify sets of feature points from the sphericalmosaic; and a radial distortion engine to: determine a range ofreasonable radial distortion coefficients, warp one or more sets offeature points according to the determined range of reasonable radialdistortion coefficients, determine a planar homography for one or moresets of warped feature points, determine a reprojection error for one ormore planar homographies, and determine a radial distortion coefficientfor one or more sets of feature points. 12) The PTZ camera calibrationsystem of claim 11, wherein the radial distortion coefficient for one ormore sets of feature points is characterized by the equation$\hat{k} = {{argmin}_{k}{\sum\limits_{s}{\sum\limits_{i}{{{x_{u}\left( {x_{s,i},k} \right)} - {H_{s}{x_{u}\left( {x_{s,i}^{\prime},k} \right)}}}}^{2}}}}$where k is the radial distortion coefficient, x_(u) is the idealprojection of a point an image plane, s is a pair of feature points,x_(s,i) and x′_(s,i) represent the i^(th) corresponding feature pointpair in set s, and H_(s) is the planar homography. 13) A method ofdetermining a zoom and magnification profile of a pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ)camera in a camera system comprising: executing a plurality of zoomcommands with the PTZ camera, wherein a first zoom command of theplurality of zoom commands sets the PTZ camera to a starting zoom level;capturing a plurality of images with the PTZ camera, wherein images inthe plurality of images are captured after a zoom command from theplurality of zoom commands has been executed; estimating, by the camerasystem, a plurality of image magnifications based on images from theplurality of images; and determining, by the camera system, a zoom andmagnification profile of the PTZ camera based on the plurality of imagemagnifications and the plurality of zoom commands. 14) The method ofclaim 13, wherein estimating a plurality of image magnificationscomprises comparing, by the camera system, a first image from theplurality of images to a second image from the plurality of images,wherein the second image is captured subsequent to the first image. 15)The method of claim 14, wherein comparing comprises analyzing images anddetermining magnification using computer-based image processing. 16) Oneor more tangible non-transitory computer-readable storage media forstoring computer-executable instructions executable by a computersystem, the media storing one or more instructions for: executing aplurality of zoom commands with a PTZ camera, wherein a first zoomcommand of the plurality of zoom commands sets the PTZ camera to astarting zoom level; capturing a plurality of images with the PTZcamera, wherein images in the plurality of images are captured after azoom command from the plurality of zoom commands has been executed;estimating a plurality of image magnifications based on images from theplurality of images; and determining a zoom and magnification profile ofthe PTZ camera based on the plurality of image magnifications and theplurality of zoom commands. 17) The non-transitory computer-readablestorage media of claim 16, wherein estimating a plurality of imagemagnifications comprises comparing, by the camera system, a first imagefrom the plurality of images to a second image from the plurality ofimages, wherein the second image is captured subsequent to the firstimage. 18) The non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim17, wherein comparing comprises analyzing images and determiningmagnification using computer-based image processing. 19) A pan-tilt-zoom(PTZ) camera calibration system comprising: a PTZ camera; and a zoom andmagnification engine to: execute a plurality of zoom commands with thePTZ camera, wherein a first zoom command of the plurality of zoomcommands sets the PTZ camera to a starting zoom level, capture aplurality of images with the PTZ camera, wherein images in the pluralityof images are captured after a zoom command from the plurality of zoomcommands has been executed, estimate a plurality of image magnificationsbased on images from the plurality of images, and determine a zoom andmagnification profile of the PTZ camera based on the plurality of imagemagnifications and the plurality of zoom commands. 20) The PTZ cameracalibration system of claim 19, wherein estimating a plurality of imagemagnifications comprises comparing, by the camera system, a first imagefrom the plurality of images to a second image from the plurality ofimages, wherein the second image is captured subsequent to the firstimage. 21) The PTZ camera calibration system of claim 20, whereincomparing comprises analyzing images and determining magnification usingcomputer-based image processing. 22) A method of determining anactuation delay of a pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ) camera in a camera system, themethod comprising: issuing a velocity command to the PTZ camera by thecamera system; capturing successive frames from the PTZ camera by thecamera system; detecting PTZ camera motion by comparing successivecaptured frames by the camera system; and determining an actuation delayof the PTZ camera by the camera system, wherein the actuation delay isthe amount of time between issuing the velocity command to the PTZcamera and observing PTZ camera motion. 23) The method of claim 22,further comprising: sending a query command to the PTZ camera; receivinga response to the query command from the PTZ camera; and determining thequery delay of the PTZ camera, wherein the query delay is the amount oftime between sending the query command and receiving the response to thequery command. 24) The method of claim 22, further comprising: (a)sending a first query command to the PTZ camera; (b) sending a secondquery command to the PTZ camera after the expiration of a wait interval;(c) receiving a response to the second query command; (d) determiningwhether the received response comprises a valid response to the secondquery command and setting the minimum query interval equal to the waitinterval when the minimum query interval comprises the valid response tothe second query command; and (e) increasing the wait interval andrepeating steps (a) through (d) when a non-valid response to the secondquery command is received. 25) One or more tangible non-transitorycomputer-readable storage media for storing computer-executableinstructions executable by a computer system, the media storing one ormore instructions for: issuing a velocity command to the PTZ camera;capturing successive frames from the PTZ camera; detecting PTZ cameramotion by comparing successive captured frames; and determining anactuation delay of the PTZ camera, wherein the actuation delay is theamount of time between issuing the velocity command to the PTZ cameraand observing PTZ camera motion. 26) The non-transitorycomputer-readable storage media of claim 25, further comprising: sendinga query command to the PTZ camera; receiving a response to the querycommand from the PTZ camera; and determining the query delay of the PTZcamera, wherein the query delay is the amount of time between sendingthe query command and receiving the response to the query command. 27)The non-transitory computer-readable storage media of claim 25, furthercomprising: (a) sending a first query command to the PTZ camera; (b)sending a second query command to the PTZ camera after the expiration ofa wait interval; (c) receiving a response to the second query command;(d) determining whether the received response comprises a valid responseto the second query command and setting the minimum query interval equalto the wait interval when the minimum query interval comprises the validresponse to the second query command; and (e) increasing the waitinterval and repeating steps (a) through (d) when a non-valid responseto the second query command is received. 28) A pan-tilt-zoom (PTZ)camera calibration system comprising: a PTZ camera; and an actuationdelay engine to: issue a velocity command to the PTZ camera, capturesuccessive frames from the PTZ camera, detect PTZ camera motion bycomparing successive captured frames, and determine an actuation delayof the PTZ camera, wherein the actuation delay is the amount of timebetween issuing the velocity command to the PTZ camera and observing PTZcamera motion. 29) The system of claim 28, further comprising: a querydelay engine to: send a query command to the PTZ camera, receive aresponse to the query command from the PTZ camera, and determine thequery delay of the PTZ camera, wherein the query delay is the amount oftime between sending the query command and receiving the response to thequery command. 30) The system of claim 28, further comprising: a minimumquery interval engine to: (a) send a first query command to the PTZcamera; (b) send a second query command to the PTZ camera after theexpiration of a wait interval; (c) receive a response to the secondquery command; (d) determine whether the received response comprises avalid response to the second query command and setting the minimum queryinterval equal to the wait interval when the minimum query intervalcomprises the valid response to the second query command; and (e)increase the wait interval and repeating steps (a) through (d) when anon-valid response to the second query command is received.